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ScienceDaily (Sep. 25, 2012) ? By analysing the soundtracks of 1940s film noir thrillers, musicologist Dr Catherine Haworth, of the University of Huddersfield, can track changing attitudes to women -- moving away from the classic femme fatale and love interest to the independent female sleuth and action heroine.
The film noir genre of the 1940s is mostly celebrated for its stark imagery of mean streets and luridly-lit boulevards. But for a researcher at the University of Huddersfield, the soundtrack is just as revealing as the visuals.
In particular, the music that provides a backdrop to crime thrillers of the period provides a great deal of information about attitudes towards women as they became less passive and more likely to play an active role when there was a mystery to be solved. The female sleuths and cops that are familiar to modern film and TV audiences can be traced to the 1940s, argues Dr Catherine Haworth.
A musician by training, she conducted doctoral research into the soundtracks of RKO Radio Pictures of the 1940s and what they revealed about female characters and broader visions of women in society.
Stereotypes such as exotic music to accompany a femme fatale, commenting on her sexuality and morality, were still common. But a new picture began to emerge...
"My research shows that things were a bit more flexible than we thought," said Dr Haworth. "There were lots of negative, stereotypical processes, but women frequently display more agency than we have previously allowed for. Music can emphasise or act out elements of character construction and it can demonstrate a broadening out of the roles that we tend to associate with female characters."
Dr Haworth's latest article -- which will appear in leading journal "Music & Letters" -- deals with female characters in 1940s movies who turn detective. Case studies include "Two O'Clock Courage," with Anne Rutherford, "Deadline at Dawn," starring Susan Hayward, and "The Big Steal" with Jane Greer and Robert Mitchum.
"Music highlights the women's role as detective as well as their role as a love interest. The way the soundtrack interacts with other elements of narrative emphasises these women as suspenseful and influential characters as well as their more cliched positioning as wives or girlfriends," said Dr Haworth.
A Research Fellow at the University of Huddersfield, she is a member of its Centre for the Study of Music, Gender and Identity. With the Centre's Director, Dr Lisa Colton, she is co-organiser of an international conference taking part at the University (October 6-7) named "Gender, Musical Creativity and Age."
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/strange_science/~3/-LRjySS6SEk/120925091542.htm
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From March 2012: Art experts find clues that suggest "The Battle of Anghiari," a long-lost masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci, lies underneath a fresco in Florence.
By Alan Boyle
The controversial effort to find out whether a long-lost Leonardo da Vinci masterpiece lies beneath a fresco in Florence has been suspended without resolving a mystery that some have compared to a "Da Vinci Code" riddle.
The mystery surrounds a painting known as "The Battle of Anghiari," or "Fight for the Standard," which was commissioned by city officials for a meeting hall in the Palazzo Vecchio to commemorate a Florentine military victory in 1440. Contemporary accounts indicate that Leonardo began the wall painting in 1505 ? but left it unfinished, due to problems he encountered with the experimental technique he was using to apply the paint.
Decades later, the city hall was enlarged and restructured, and in 1563 the Italian artist Giorgio Vasari painted a mural on one of the new walls. In the course of all that remodeling, Leonardo's painting disappeared. Today, it's known only from Leonardo's preparatory sketches and from copies inspired by the original.
Fast-forward to 1975: Maurizio Seracini, an Italian-born engineering professor and expert in art analysis at the University of California at San Diego, was back in his native Florence, studying Vasari's fresco. He noticed that a soldier in the fresco was waving a flag that read "Cerca Trova" (Seek and Ye Shall Find). Did this hint at the location of the lost Leonardo painting?
Over the years that followed, Seracini marshaled the expertise, technology and financial support needed to create a virtual reconstruction of the hall's layout before the remodeling took place. It looked as if there was a gap between the part of the wall where the "Cerca Trova" legend was painted and the older wall beneath. Armed with that information ? plus funding from the National Geographic Society and backing from Florence's mayor, Matteo Renzi ? Seracini won permission from Italian officials to drill six tiny holes into Vasari's wall and push camera-equipped endoscopic probes into the gap behind it.
The initial results were promising: Seracini said the team found "traces of pigments that appear to be those known to have been used exclusively by Leonardo." This March, National Geographic aired a documentary about the investigation, titled "Finding the Lost da Vinci."?Heartened by the findings, Seracini?asked for permission to conduct more sophisticated tests. The story was shaping up as a real-life "Da Vinci Code" thriller in the art world. (In fact, Seracini is mentioned in the Dan Brown novel as an art diagnostician who unveils "the unsettling truth" about a different work by Leonardo.)
Italian officials, however, were becoming increasingly unsettled about tampering with the 450-year-old Vasari mural. Some experts questioned whether there was really enough justification to go forward. "Vasari would never have covered a work by an artist he admired so much in the hope that one day someone would search and find it," Discovery News quoted Tomaso Montanari, an art historian at the University Federico II in Naples, as saying. "You would expect such a hypothesis from Dan Brown, certainly not from art historians."
In the end, cultural officials ruled that the scientists could drill one more hole for endoscopic tests, but couldn't do any further drilling after that. That meant the more sophisticated (and more intrusive) tests could not be conducted. Last month, Italian news outlets reported that the National Geographic Society was suspending the project "until further notice."?
Now Discovery News says that Florentine museum officials have given the go-ahead to fill in the six existing holes and take down the scaffolding that was used during the project. "This is how it ends," the Italian newspaper La Repubblica reported, "with strokes of stucco and paint, the search for Leonardo's mythical work."
More Leonardo da Vinci mysteries:
For more about the unsolved "Da Vinci Code" case, check out?Rossella Lorenzi's report for Discovery News.
Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the?Cosmic Log?community by "liking" the log's?Facebook page, following?@b0yle on Twitter?and adding the?Cosmic Log page?to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space,?sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out?"The Case for Pluto,"?my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.
Source: http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/24/14076774-this-da-vinci-code-will-stay-hidden?lite
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The repeal of ''Don't Ask, Don't Tell'' ushered in a new era of acceptance in the armed forces for thousands of Americans. For almost two decades, the ban on out gay servicemembers was an issue fueling the LGBT-rights movement. With President Barack Obama's signature ? following a Pentagon working group, surveys, and approval from the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the secretary of defense ? the ban became a thing of the past.
But for some members of the military, the fight for acceptance is long from over. Although 2011's repeal of ''Don't Ask, Don't Tell'' opened the door for gay, lesbian and bisexual servicemembers, transgender Americans must continue life in the closet in order to serve their country.
Despite the repeal of DADT, a medical regulatory ban remains in place for those who identity as transgender. Not only is evidence of transition therapy grounds for disqualification for potential recruits, so is openly identifying as transgender, which the Pentagon considers a psychiatric condition.
Transgender veterans who transition after leaving the armed forces face other obstacles as well. Upon discharge from the military, servicemembers receive a DD-214 form with their full name. Some transgender veterans who seek to change the name on the form, which is used to secure veteran benefits, are not always able to do so.
The Department of Veterans Affairs issued a directive in June 2011 providing health care for some transgender medical needs, such as hormone treatments, but the VA does not provide sex-reassignment surgery.
''There's a lot of education that needs to be done among the public about what it means to be a transgender American, which SLDN along with our allies are working on,'' Zeke Stokes, communications director for the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, told Metro Weekly. ''But it's not something that's going to happen quickly.''
While the end of DADT was only made possible by a shift in the political climate and balance of power in Washington, Stokes says the time does not seem right for advancing for transgender equality in the military.
''The make up of this Congress doesn't lead us to believe there would be any successful congressional action,'' Stokes said.
Transgender people have faced an uphill battle educating straight and gay people alike about gender identity. Having successfully repealed DADT, many activists have shifted their focus to marriage-equality battles playing out on the state level and in the courts. Securing rights for transgender servicemembers has not been the call to arms that repeal of DADT was.
In many instances, the ''T'' in LGBT is left undefined and undiscussed, even among the gay community. In a video statement delivered during an event at the Pentagon honoring Pride month in June, Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta thanked only gay and lesbian servicemembers for their service to their country.
''Before the repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell,' you faithfully served your country with professionalism and courage,'' Panetta said. ''And just like your fellow servicemembers, you put your country before yourself. And now, after repeal, you can be proud of serving your country and be proud of who you are when in uniform.''
Although Panetta said he remains ''committed to removing as many barriers as possible to make America's military a model of equal opportunity,'' there are no plans in the foreseeable future to alter military medical regulations to allow transgender Americans to serve their country openly.
Source: http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=7758
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ScienceDaily (Sep. 23, 2012) ? Scientists at The Scripps Research Institute have shown how to synthesize in the laboratory an important set of natural compounds known as terpenes. The largest class of chemicals made by living organisms, terpenes are made within cells by some of the most complex chemical reactions found in biology.
The new technique, described in an advance online edition of the journal Nature Chemistry on Sept. 23, 2012, mimics a crucial but obscure biochemical phenomenon that allows cells to make terpenes. The discovery may one day result in cheaper, fully synthetic versions of the cancer drug Taxol, the antimalarial compound artemisinin and hundreds of other useful terpene products.
"It's exciting for us because we're now making molecules that have never been made in the laboratory before, and we've done this by first observing what nature does," said the senior investigator for the study Ryan A. Shenvi, a chemist at Scripps Research.
Powerful Biological Functions
Terpenes take their name from one of their best-known representatives, the paint thinner turpentine -- a derivative of pine sap. Many terpenes, like those in turpentine, are small, plant-made molecules that turn into vapor at relatively low temperatures and waft easily through the air. These often serve as important chemical signals for plants, and are used by humans in fragrances and flavorings.
Some terpenes are more complex, and are synthesized by plants and other organisms as powerful cellular defense mechanisms. "Having such strong biological functions can make them very useful in medicine," said Shenvi. Paclitaxel (Taxol), a widely used cancer drug, is a terpene derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. Artemisinin, the basis for a major class of antimalarial therapy, is a terpene made by the sweet wormwood herb. But the terpene family is highly diverse and also includes vitamin A, menthol, cholesterol and steroids.
Many terpenes, including Taxol and artemisinin, are made naturally in cells by processes that are so complicated, and so hard to understand, that chemists haven't been able to recreate them fully using organic chemistry techniques. The commercial production of these two medicines still depends on the relatively expensive harvesting of starting compounds from plants.
Taking Up the Challenge
In the new study, Shenvi and a postdoctoral researcher in his laboratory, Sergey V. Pronin, set out to recreate one of the two major terpene synthesis processes in nature. Known as tail-to-head polycyclization, this process is used by cells to make numerous complex terpenes. (The other major terpene synthesis process, head-to-tail polycyclization, is already partially reproducible with organic chemistry, and results in terpenes that include steroids.)
The tail-to-head polycyclization process begins with a relatively simple chain of carbon atoms, each of which is decorated with other, mostly hydrogen atoms. The goal of the process is to bend this linear hydrocarbon structure in a way that yields one ringlike structure, then another, and so on in a "polycyclic" chain.
A crucial feature of this process is the effective displacement of positive charge from one carbon atom on the structure to another, in just the right sequence. What makes this feat so challenging for chemists to reproduce, and even to analyze, is that this positively charged state in principle can slide along numerous alternative pathways on the emerging structure. Moreover, because it powerfully attracts negatively charged ions, this carbon-based positive charge, which chemists refer to as a carbocation ["carbo-cat-eye-on"], is inclined to snuff itself out almost immediately.
"Carbocations are notoriously tricky to include in synthetic procedures in the laboratory, because their lifetimes are so short," said Shenvi. "And yet nature has evolved tools to handle them."
Chief among these tools are cyclase enzymes, which hold terpene molecules that are under construction and use their own charged structures to protect carbocations from being quenched -- at least long enough to let them do their work. Chemists who have sought to synthesize terpenes in the laboratory generally have done so without trying to mimic these enzymes' charge sequestration mechanism.
"The natural synthetic pathways were assumed to be much too difficult and maybe impossible," Shenvi said. "But we decided that we would have to recreate it somehow if we wanted to develop a broadly useful technique for making this group of terpenes."
Following Nature's Lead
Pronin and Shenvi eventually found that a type of vinyl epoxide seems to serve as a partial substitute for cyclase enzymes. "We think that it effectively holds the negatively charged counteranion, which would otherwise follow and quench the carbocation before the reaction is complete," said Pronin.
As a demonstration of the power of their new technique, the chemists used it to make two different types of terpene, known as funebrene and cumacrene, starting from relatively simple organic chemistry ingredients. These terpene compounds had never before been fully synthesized outside of living cells.
Shenvi emphasizes that this report represents merely an initial, foundational description of this new strategy, and that technical obstacles still prevent its widespread use. "But once we can get past these obstacles, we should be able to use this new approach to fully synthesize many other valuable compounds," he said. "Basically the entire realm of terpenes will be reproducible with organic chemistry."
Funding for the study, "Synthesis of highly strained terpenes by non-stop tail-to-head polycyclization," was provided by a start-up grant from the Scripps Research Institute and a grant from Eli Lilly & Co.
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