Renowned Jamaica producer Winston Riley dies at 65 (AP)

KINGSTON, Jamaica ? Winston Riley, an innovative reggae musician and producer, has died of complications from a gunshot wound to the head. He was 65.

Riley died Thursday at University Hospital of the West Indies, where he had been a patient since November, when he was shot at his house in an upscale neighborhood in the capital of Kingston, his son Kurt Riley said Friday.

Riley also had been shot in August and was stabbed in September last year. His record store in Kingston's downtown business district also was burned down several years ago. Police have said they know of no motives and have not arrested anyone.

Kurt Riley told the Jamaica Observer newspaper that the family did not know what motivated the attacks.

"Unfortunately, Daddy didn't wake up so we could talk to him to find out if there was something he was not telling us," he was quoted as saying. "He was a straightforward man who was allergic to hypocrisy."

As a teenager, Riley founded an influential harmony group, The Techniques, which recorded for pioneer producer Arthur "Duke" Reid. Riley also toured with Byron Lee and later gained fame for producing songs such as "Double Barrel" by Dave Barker and Ansell Collins.

He worked with musicians including Gregory Isaacs, Johnny Osbourne, Sister Nancy and Buju Banton.

Musicologist Kingsley Goodison, who knew Riley for more than 40 years, said he was one of the people responsible for introducing reggae to England.

"Winston Riley is an unsung hero," he said. "He was one of the hardest workers in the business."

Riley also is credited with creating the stalag rhythm, which later influenced hip-hop and dancehall. Unlike his contemporaries who shunned dancehall music, Riley embraced contemporary reggae and had several big hits during the 1980s.

One of his biggest productions was singer Tenor Saw's "Ring The Alarm", which has been sampled by several hip-hop artists.

Riley is survived by several children and grandchildren.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/obits/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120120/ap_on_en_ot/cb_obit_winston_riley

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HBT: Darvish 'excited' to be joining Rangers

carmona hurt apAP

Fausto Carmona?s stay in a Dominican jail was a short one, as the Indians right-hander was freed today on $13,000 bond after being arrested yesterday for allegedly falsifying his identity. Carmona, whose real name is reportedly Roberto Hernandez Heredia, apologized to the Indians and their fans upon his release and according to the Associated Press?

Source: http://hardballtalk.nbcsports.com/2012/01/20/picture-of-the-day-yu-darvish-texas-ranger/related/

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Teen girls' medical mystery diagnosed as mass hysteria

The day after TODAY reported on the baffling case of 12 teenage girls at one school who mysteriously fell ill with Tourette's-like symptoms of tics and verbal outbursts, a doctor who is treating some of the girls has come forward to offer an explanation. Dr. Laszlo Mechtler, a neurologist in Amherst, N.Y., says the diagnosis is "conversion disorder," or mass hysteria.

"It's happened before, all around the world, in different parts of the world. It's a rare phenomena. Physicians are intrigued by it," Mechtler told TODAY on Wednesday. "The bottom line is these teenagers will get better."

On the show Tuesday, psychologist and TODAY contributor Dr. Gail Saltz noted that just because the girls' symptoms may be psychological in origin doesn't make them any less real or painful.

?That?s not faking it. They?re real symptoms,? Saltz continued. ?They need a psychiatric or psychological treatment. Treatment does work.??

Conversion disorder symptoms usually occur after a stress event, although a patient can be more at risk if also suffering from an illness. Symptoms may last for days or weeks and can include blindness, inability to speak, numbness or other neurologic problems.

More health stories:
Moving in sync makes people think alike
Craving this trigger food? What to do right now
Is ?twin communication? a real thing?

It's unclear which of the girls first showed symptoms, or whether any particular event triggered the outbreak. High school cheerleader and art student Thera Sanchez says her tics, stammer and verbal outbursts appeared out of the blue after a nap one day last October.

?I was fine. I was perfectly fine. There was nothing going on, and then I just woke up, and that?s when the stuttering started,? Sanchez told TODAY.

?I?m very angry,?? Sanchez told TODAY?s Ann Curry during an interview Tuesday. ?I?m very frustrated. No one?s giving me answers.??

The New York State Health Department has been investigating the case for more than three months and says the school building is not to blame.?Officials from the LeRoy Junior-Senior High School in upstate New York, where all the girls attended when their symptoms began, have released environmental reports, conducted by an outside agency, showing no substances in any of the school buildings that could cause health problems.

Health officials ruled out carbon monoxide, illegal drugs and other factors as potential causes. Officials say no one at the school is in any danger.

?We have conclusively ruled out any form of infection or communicable disease and there?s no evidence of any environmental factor,?? Dr. Gregory Young of the New York Department of Health told NBC News.

Related: Click here to read the school district's statement and full environmental reports

But some of the girls' parents say they're not satisfied with the explanations so far.

"Obviously we are all not just accepting that this is a stress thing," Jim Dupont, father of one of the affected girls, told TODAY on Wednesday. "It's heart wrenching, you fear your daughter's not going to have a normal life."

Read the original story: Girls' medical mystery baffles doctors

Scott Stump, Rebecca Dube and NBC News contributed to this report.

What's your theory? Discuss on our Facebook page.

Source: http://todayhealth.today.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/18/10181277-teen-girls-mystery-illness-now-has-a-diagnosis-mass-hysteria

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Most Popular Wallpaper Site: Digital Blasphemy [Hive Five Followup]

Most Popular Wallpaper Site: Digital Blasphemy Every week we give you a fresh batch of wallpapers to download in our Wallpaper Wednesday series, but if you're looking for more selection, there are plenty of sites on the web with great images, huge databases, and lots of wallpapers to choose from. Last week, we asked you which site you visited to download new wallpaper, and then we took a look at five best wallpaper sites based on your nominations. Now we're back to highlight the winner.

Voting was fierce in this one, largely because the owners of the various sites put the call out on their social networks to get their fans and users to vote. Nevertheless, Digital Blasphemy took the top spot with 38% of the overall vote. Hot on its heels with just under 31% was WallBase.cc. In third place with 15% of the vote was InterfaceLift, and just behind that with close to 10% of the votes cast was DeviantArt. Bringing up the rear in fifth place was minimalist wallpaper site SimpleDesktops.

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/h-FA3p2cCyk/most-popular-wallpaper-site-digital-blasphemy

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WWD iPad App Arrives

NEW YORK ? WWD is getting tablet-friendly, unveiling a comprehensive iPad app today.

The app seeks to bring 24/7 fashion news coverage to readers ? in all its forms. Today?s launch builds on a redesign of WWD.com that was completed in August and is the next step in the evolution of WWD, which has published for 101 years. The app will allow readers globally to retrieve the paper simultaneously via the iPad daily at 12:01 a.m. Eastern Standard Time.

?The app will feature the same information and knowledge readers get from the physical paper,? said Dan Shar, vice president and general manager, digital, at Fairchild Fashion Media. ?Extensive research pointed out to us that readers wanted a ?sense of completion? and a feeling of knowing that they ?read? their morning paper.

?As the app is anchored by the daily paper, it enables our readers to access this content anytime, anywhere in the world. Whether you are traveling or you live outside of our daily distribution areas, the app delivers a mobile newspaper experience,? Shar said.

Additionally, enhanced slideshow capabilities will facilitate easy access to the paper?s broad-based collections coverage during future runway seasons. The app provides users with access to full runs of show for reviews featured in the paper. For example, a user looking at a review on the app that might only showcase one or two images in the physical paper will have the ability to view the entire collection.

?The app serves as a complement to both the daily paper and the Web site. The paper provides a roundup of the day?s most important stories in a beautiful aesthetic and tactile experience. The Web site is the home for breaking news and around-the-clock coverage, and the app takes input from both to provide a unique experience of its own,? Shar said.

WHO GETS ACCESS?

WWD?s iPad app is included with an individual print subscription for $129, an individual online subscription for $129 or a combination print-online subscription for $169 a year.

For nonsubscribers, it?s available for $12.99 a month from the iTunes store.

Source: http://www.wwd.com/media-news/digital/wwd-ipad-app-arrives-5517461?src=rss/media/20120118

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Fungus killing more bats than previously thought

Federal researchers say an infectious and lethal cold-loving fungus sweeping through parts of North America and Canada has killed millions more bats over the last five years than previously estimated.

The rapidly spreading fungus responsible for white-nose syndrome is now believed to have killed 5.7 million to 6.7 million bats, a count several times higher than earlier estimates, across 16 states as far west as Oklahoma.

The fungus, which scientists know as Geomyces destructans, seems to prefer the 25 species of hibernating bats. But each of the 45 species of bats in the United States and Canada may be susceptible, wildlife biologists say.

Estimating the number of bat deaths posed a challenge for biologists because establishing numbers of once common species had not been a primary focus of seasonal population counts. But with mortality rates reaching up to 100% at some sites, a team of 140 researchers in the United States and Canada recently coordinated their survey strategies to come up with a consistent estimate, said Jeremy Coleman, national white-nose syndrome coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service.

The higher number shows the gravity of the problem, Coleman said in an interview. "We still don't know what the cascading effects will be in the environment to our ecosystems.

"This much is certain: Bats have such low reproductive rates that it will likely take multiple human generations to get bat populations back up to the numbers they were just five years ago," Coleman said.

The disease has killed mostly little brown bats ? one of the most common mammals in North America ? which have lost an estimated 20% of their population in the northeastern United States.

"We are just beginning our winter surveys for this year and we expect to find that the disease has spread to additional states," said Ann Froschaur, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

White-nose syndrome can be transmitted between animals through direct contact. It gets its name from the powdery, white substance that appears around muzzles, ears and wings of affected bats.

Bats with white-nose syndrome exhibit unusual behavior during cold winter months, including flying outside during the day and clustering near the entrances of caves and mines where they hibernate. Bats have been found sick and dying in unprecedented numbers near these hibernacula during a portion of the year when there are no insects to eat.

Researchers are racing to find methods of managing the pathogen, including possible vaccination campaigns, and to manipulate the environment that brings it together with bats ? the chilly galleries of caves.

louis.sahagun@latimes.com

Source: http://feeds.latimes.com/~r/latimes/news/science/~3/xMUan5kruLo/la-me-bats-20120118,0,3374294.story

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Knee replacement surgery incidence soars in those over age 50

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 17-Jan-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Dawn Peters
healthnews@wiley.com
781-388-8408
Wiley-Blackwell

Incidence of knee arthroplasty higher in women

Researchers in Finland found that annual cumulative incidences of partial and total knee arthroplasty, commonly known as knee replacement surgery, rose rapidly over a 27-year period among 30 to 59 year-olds in that country, with the greatest increase occurring in patients aged 50 to 59 years. According to the study published today in Arthritis & Rheumatism, a peer-reviewed journal of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), incidences were higher in women throughout the study period.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly disabling joint disease that according to a 2002 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the fourth leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. In the U.S., experts say more than 10 million adults are affected by OA and for those with advanced disease arthroplasty may be the only treatment option to relieve the disabling pain and stiffness, and improve quality of life. In fact, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality reports that over 600,000 total knee replacements were performed in the U.S. in 2009 and a previous study estimates that number could grow by 673% to 3.48 million procedures by the year 2030.

"OA risk is shown to increase with age and for severe knee OA arthroplasty is a commonly used treatment option when patients are unresponsive to more conservative therapies," said Dr. Jarkko Leskinen, an orthopedic surgeon at Helsinki University Central Hospital in Finland and lead author of the current study. "Despite the more frequent use of replacement surgery, very few data are published on knee arthroplasty incidence and its effects in younger populations." To advance understanding of this issue, researchers obtained data collected by the Finnish Arthroplasty Registry of all unicondylar (partial) and total knee replacements performed between 1980 and 2006. The team analyzed the effects of gender, age group and hospital volume on incidence rates of arthroplasty for knee OA.

Findings indicate a 130-fold increase in incidence of total knee arthroplasty among those between the ages of 30 and 59 years during the study period. The incidence increased from 0.5 to 65 operations per 100,000 individuals, with the most rapid increase occurring from 2001 to 2006 (18 to 65 operations per 100,000). Increase in incidence of partial knee replacements was also observed from 0.2 to 10 operations per 100,000 inhabitants. Researchers also found that in the last ten years of the study the incidence of total knee replacements was 1.6 to 2.4-fold higher in women than in men. Incidences of total and partial knee replacements were also higher in the oldest age group (50 to 59 years of age).

Dr. Leskinen concludes, "Our study confirmed rapid growth in incidences of partial and total knee arthroplasty in those less than 60 years of age. Given that younger patients may be at higher risk of artificial knee joint failure and thus in need of a second replacement surgery, long-term data are needed before widespread use of total knee arthroplasty is recommended for this patient population."

In a related editorial also published in Arthritis & Rheumatism, Dr. Elena Losina with Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts agrees, "Total knee arthroplasty is an effective intervention for OA with excellent outcomes for patients in their 60's, 70's and 80's. However, past performance may not guarantee future success, and with an increasing number of knee replacement recipients under 60 years old, more intensive study of arthroplasty outcomes in younger patients is warranted."

###

This study is published in Arthritis & Rheumatism. Media wishing to receive a PDF of the article may contact healthnews@wiley.com.

Full citations: "The Incidence of Knee Arthroplasty for Primary Osteoarthritis Grows Rapidly among Baby-Boomers A Population-based Study." Jarkko Leskinen, Antti Eskelinen, Heini Huhtala, Pekka Paavolainen and Ville Remes. Arthritis & Rheumatism; Published Online: January 17, 2012 (DOI: 10.1002/art.33367). http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/art.33367.

Editorial: "Total Knee Arthroplasty on the Rise in Younger Patients: Are We Sure that Past Performance Will Guarantee Future Success?" Elena Losina and Jeffrey N Katz. Arthritis & Rheumatism; Published Online: January 17, 2012 (DOI: 10.1002/art.33371). http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/art.33371.

Author Contact: To arrange an interview with Dr. Leskinen, please contact Johanna Kojola with Helsinki University Central Hospital at johanna.kojola@hus.fi or +358 40 707 0595.

About the Journal

Arthritis & Rheumatism is an official journal of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals (ARHP), a division of the College, and covers all aspects of inflammatory disease. The American College of Rheumatology (www.rheumatology.org) is the professional organization who share a dedication to healing, preventing disability, and curing the more than 100 types of arthritis and related disabling and sometimes fatal disorders of the joints, muscles, and bones. Members include practicing physicians, research scientists, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, psychologists, and social workers. For details, please visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1529-0131.

About Wiley-Blackwell

Wiley-Blackwell is the international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons, with strengths in every major academic and professional field and partnerships with many of the world's leading societies. Wiley-Blackwell publishes nearly 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols. For more information, please visit www.wileyblackwell.com or our new online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), one of the world's most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 17-Jan-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Dawn Peters
healthnews@wiley.com
781-388-8408
Wiley-Blackwell

Incidence of knee arthroplasty higher in women

Researchers in Finland found that annual cumulative incidences of partial and total knee arthroplasty, commonly known as knee replacement surgery, rose rapidly over a 27-year period among 30 to 59 year-olds in that country, with the greatest increase occurring in patients aged 50 to 59 years. According to the study published today in Arthritis & Rheumatism, a peer-reviewed journal of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), incidences were higher in women throughout the study period.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly disabling joint disease that according to a 2002 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the fourth leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. In the U.S., experts say more than 10 million adults are affected by OA and for those with advanced disease arthroplasty may be the only treatment option to relieve the disabling pain and stiffness, and improve quality of life. In fact, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality reports that over 600,000 total knee replacements were performed in the U.S. in 2009 and a previous study estimates that number could grow by 673% to 3.48 million procedures by the year 2030.

"OA risk is shown to increase with age and for severe knee OA arthroplasty is a commonly used treatment option when patients are unresponsive to more conservative therapies," said Dr. Jarkko Leskinen, an orthopedic surgeon at Helsinki University Central Hospital in Finland and lead author of the current study. "Despite the more frequent use of replacement surgery, very few data are published on knee arthroplasty incidence and its effects in younger populations." To advance understanding of this issue, researchers obtained data collected by the Finnish Arthroplasty Registry of all unicondylar (partial) and total knee replacements performed between 1980 and 2006. The team analyzed the effects of gender, age group and hospital volume on incidence rates of arthroplasty for knee OA.

Findings indicate a 130-fold increase in incidence of total knee arthroplasty among those between the ages of 30 and 59 years during the study period. The incidence increased from 0.5 to 65 operations per 100,000 individuals, with the most rapid increase occurring from 2001 to 2006 (18 to 65 operations per 100,000). Increase in incidence of partial knee replacements was also observed from 0.2 to 10 operations per 100,000 inhabitants. Researchers also found that in the last ten years of the study the incidence of total knee replacements was 1.6 to 2.4-fold higher in women than in men. Incidences of total and partial knee replacements were also higher in the oldest age group (50 to 59 years of age).

Dr. Leskinen concludes, "Our study confirmed rapid growth in incidences of partial and total knee arthroplasty in those less than 60 years of age. Given that younger patients may be at higher risk of artificial knee joint failure and thus in need of a second replacement surgery, long-term data are needed before widespread use of total knee arthroplasty is recommended for this patient population."

In a related editorial also published in Arthritis & Rheumatism, Dr. Elena Losina with Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts agrees, "Total knee arthroplasty is an effective intervention for OA with excellent outcomes for patients in their 60's, 70's and 80's. However, past performance may not guarantee future success, and with an increasing number of knee replacement recipients under 60 years old, more intensive study of arthroplasty outcomes in younger patients is warranted."

###

This study is published in Arthritis & Rheumatism. Media wishing to receive a PDF of the article may contact healthnews@wiley.com.

Full citations: "The Incidence of Knee Arthroplasty for Primary Osteoarthritis Grows Rapidly among Baby-Boomers A Population-based Study." Jarkko Leskinen, Antti Eskelinen, Heini Huhtala, Pekka Paavolainen and Ville Remes. Arthritis & Rheumatism; Published Online: January 17, 2012 (DOI: 10.1002/art.33367). http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/art.33367.

Editorial: "Total Knee Arthroplasty on the Rise in Younger Patients: Are We Sure that Past Performance Will Guarantee Future Success?" Elena Losina and Jeffrey N Katz. Arthritis & Rheumatism; Published Online: January 17, 2012 (DOI: 10.1002/art.33371). http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/art.33371.

Author Contact: To arrange an interview with Dr. Leskinen, please contact Johanna Kojola with Helsinki University Central Hospital at johanna.kojola@hus.fi or +358 40 707 0595.

About the Journal

Arthritis & Rheumatism is an official journal of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals (ARHP), a division of the College, and covers all aspects of inflammatory disease. The American College of Rheumatology (www.rheumatology.org) is the professional organization who share a dedication to healing, preventing disability, and curing the more than 100 types of arthritis and related disabling and sometimes fatal disorders of the joints, muscles, and bones. Members include practicing physicians, research scientists, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, psychologists, and social workers. For details, please visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1529-0131.

About Wiley-Blackwell

Wiley-Blackwell is the international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons, with strengths in every major academic and professional field and partnerships with many of the world's leading societies. Wiley-Blackwell publishes nearly 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols. For more information, please visit www.wileyblackwell.com or our new online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), one of the world's most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities.


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?


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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-01/w-h011212.php

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[OOC] Through Hell

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Climate balancing: Sea-level rise vs. surface temperature change rates

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 18-Jan-2012
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Contact: A'ndrea Elyse Messer
aem1@psu.edu
814-865-9481
Penn State

Engineering our way out of global climate warming may not be as easy as simply reducing the incoming solar energy, according to a team of University of Bristol and Penn State climate scientists. Designing the approach to control both sea level rise and rates of surface air temperature changes requires a balancing act to accommodate the diverging needs of different locations.

"Basic physics and past observations suggest that reducing the net influx of solar energy will cool the Earth," said Peter J. Irvine, graduate student, University of Bristol, UK, and participant in the Worldwide Universities Network Research Mobility Programme to Penn State. "However, surface air temperatures would respond much more quickly and sea levels will respond much more slowly."

Current solar radiation management approaches include satellites that block the sun, making the Earth's surface more reflective or mimicking the effects of volcanoes by placing aerosol particles in the upper atmosphere.

"These solar radiation management approaches could be cheaper than reducing carbon dioxide emissions," said Klaus Keller, associate professor of geosciences, Penn State. "But they are an imperfect substitute for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and carry considerable risks."

How well they work at reducing sea level rise or surface air temperatures depends on how they are implemented.

"Strategies designed to reverse sea-level rise differ from the strategies designed to limit the rate of temperature changes," said Ryan Sriver, research associate in geosciences, Penn State.

To stop or reverse sea-level rise, the incoming solar radiation would have to be decreased rapidly, but this approach would produce rapid cooling. Adopting a more gradual approach would reduce the risks due to rapid cooling, but would allow for considerable sea-level rise.

The researchers note that people living close to sea level are likely more concerned about sea-level rise than about the rates of surface temperature changes. In contrast, those living far from the oceans, are likely more concerned about rates of surface temperature changes that can influence agricultural or energy usage.

The researchers used a model to analyze the tension between controlling sea level rise and rates of surface temperature changes. They ran 120 scenarios with differing combinations of solar radiation management including one called business as usual, which has no SRM.

They note that their model includes many approximations. For example, it does not include a mechanistic representation of ice sheets. They also did not consider scenarios that combine solar radiation management and reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

They report in the current issue of Nature Climate Change that the forcing required to stop sea-level rise could cause a rapid cooling with a rate similar to the peak business-as-usual warming rate.

"While abrupt cooling may sound like a good idea, it could be more damaging than the increasing temperatures caused by increasing carbon dioxide," said Keller.

"The rate of cooling can be a problem if it exceeds the capacity of the plants and animals to adapt," said Sriver.

Another consideration when implementing solar radiation management approaches is that these approaches can require a long-term commitment. The researchers showed that "termination of solar radiation management was found to produce warming rates up to five times greater than the maximum rates under the business-as-usual scenario, whereas sea-level rise rates were only 30 percent higher."

To avoid such harsh changes, should SRM be discontinued, requires a slow phase out over many decades. This places a commitment on future generations.

###

The National Science Foundation, Penn State Center for Climate Risk Management and the Worldwide Universities Network at the University of Bristol partially funded this work.



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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 18-Jan-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: A'ndrea Elyse Messer
aem1@psu.edu
814-865-9481
Penn State

Engineering our way out of global climate warming may not be as easy as simply reducing the incoming solar energy, according to a team of University of Bristol and Penn State climate scientists. Designing the approach to control both sea level rise and rates of surface air temperature changes requires a balancing act to accommodate the diverging needs of different locations.

"Basic physics and past observations suggest that reducing the net influx of solar energy will cool the Earth," said Peter J. Irvine, graduate student, University of Bristol, UK, and participant in the Worldwide Universities Network Research Mobility Programme to Penn State. "However, surface air temperatures would respond much more quickly and sea levels will respond much more slowly."

Current solar radiation management approaches include satellites that block the sun, making the Earth's surface more reflective or mimicking the effects of volcanoes by placing aerosol particles in the upper atmosphere.

"These solar radiation management approaches could be cheaper than reducing carbon dioxide emissions," said Klaus Keller, associate professor of geosciences, Penn State. "But they are an imperfect substitute for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and carry considerable risks."

How well they work at reducing sea level rise or surface air temperatures depends on how they are implemented.

"Strategies designed to reverse sea-level rise differ from the strategies designed to limit the rate of temperature changes," said Ryan Sriver, research associate in geosciences, Penn State.

To stop or reverse sea-level rise, the incoming solar radiation would have to be decreased rapidly, but this approach would produce rapid cooling. Adopting a more gradual approach would reduce the risks due to rapid cooling, but would allow for considerable sea-level rise.

The researchers note that people living close to sea level are likely more concerned about sea-level rise than about the rates of surface temperature changes. In contrast, those living far from the oceans, are likely more concerned about rates of surface temperature changes that can influence agricultural or energy usage.

The researchers used a model to analyze the tension between controlling sea level rise and rates of surface temperature changes. They ran 120 scenarios with differing combinations of solar radiation management including one called business as usual, which has no SRM.

They note that their model includes many approximations. For example, it does not include a mechanistic representation of ice sheets. They also did not consider scenarios that combine solar radiation management and reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

They report in the current issue of Nature Climate Change that the forcing required to stop sea-level rise could cause a rapid cooling with a rate similar to the peak business-as-usual warming rate.

"While abrupt cooling may sound like a good idea, it could be more damaging than the increasing temperatures caused by increasing carbon dioxide," said Keller.

"The rate of cooling can be a problem if it exceeds the capacity of the plants and animals to adapt," said Sriver.

Another consideration when implementing solar radiation management approaches is that these approaches can require a long-term commitment. The researchers showed that "termination of solar radiation management was found to produce warming rates up to five times greater than the maximum rates under the business-as-usual scenario, whereas sea-level rise rates were only 30 percent higher."

To avoid such harsh changes, should SRM be discontinued, requires a slow phase out over many decades. This places a commitment on future generations.

###

The National Science Foundation, Penn State Center for Climate Risk Management and the Worldwide Universities Network at the University of Bristol partially funded this work.



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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-01/ps-cbs011812.php

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